Most teachers are probably aware of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences for its relevance to teaching methodology. Some of the intelligences are very easy to apply to English Language Arts (ELA), but some are more difficult. First, let’s take a look at what the multiple intelligences are. I invite and encourage you to offer suggestions about how these different teaching/learning styles can be incorporated into the ELA classroom.
The following list comes from PBS
1. Linguistic Intelligence: the capacity to use language to express what’s on your mind and to understand other people. Any kind of writer, orator, speaker, lawyer, or other person for whom language is an important stock in trade has great linguistic intelligence.
Since it’s impossible to teach an English class without nurturing this type of intelligence, I’m going to skip it for the moment. That’s not to say it isn’t important, but rather that helping students improve in their ability to communicate effectively is the main purpose of high school English classes in the first place, and therefore, we’ll be examining this particular issue in depth pretty much for the duration of this blog.
2. Logical/Mathematical Intelligence: the capacity to understand the underlying principles of some kind of causal system, the way a scientist or a logician does; or to manipulate numbers, quantities, and operations, the way a mathematician does.
Here’s a difficult one, where can we find a place for numbers in English? Some people (like me) would stomp their feet and scream “No! Figuring out grades is bad enough, numbers belong down the hall, sandwiched between Chemistry and the computer lab!” This is maybe not the most beneficial response. You’re going to have students who would prefer math to English any day of the week (hey, don’t look at me, I don’t get either!) We have to address the needs of these students, even if the mere thought of math causes us minor convulsions.
One obvious way to incorporate math (as well as the students’ musical aptitude) is through meter in poetry. I never liked poetry in high school myself, and I think that’s because nobody ever really taught me to appreciate it until I went to college. As an English major, I was forced (kicking and screaming) to take something like four or five classes that focused primarily on poetry. Shakespeare, for example, is something that most high schools require students to read each year, but it’s so far removed, at least in language, from the modern student that the only thing they’re really learning about Shakespeare is to hate the man and to approach his work with nothing short of grim dread. In spite of student apprehension, teaching Shakespeare is a perfect opportunity to incorporate many of the intelligences described by Gardner.
For example, you could divide students into groups based on the results of one of the many tests out there that measure which intelligences students are strongest in. Example of Multiple Intelligence Assessment.
Students who consider themselves more mathematically inclined may do well on a project where they’re required to explain scansion to the class with examples. I’ve heard that good teaching means being lazy as far as doing nothing for the students that they can do for themselves. I’ completely okay with that. It’s our job to teach students to be capable members of society, which means being able to acquire knowledge on their own when we aren’t there to help them anymore. Besides, students with this particular intelligence may do a better job of explaining Shakespeare’s meter than I could. This would work with other poetry, too, like Wordsworth and Spenser.
Another way to incorporate math into literature is to provide students with a few pages of famous sentences, well known lines from Shakespeare, lines from Poe’s “The Raven”, or famous first sentences like the opening line of Pride and Prejudice. It could be an ongoing project to examine the components of these famous sentences, compare the structure, word order, maybe even the number of syllables in order to define what sets such sentences apart. For example, what does “Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou, Romeo?” have over, “Romeo, Romeo, why are you a Montague?”
This particular intelligence doesn’t only cover the mathematically inclined, but the logically inclined as well:
“the capacity to understand the underlying principles of some kind of causal system”
Hmm. That sounds a lot like plot to me. In fiction, the plot must move forward based on the logical outcome of the things that came before. Wharton’s Ethan Frome starts with the narrator observing Ethan Frome from an outsider’s perspective. One of the things the narrator notes is that Ethan walks with a limp. Therefore, the limp must be explained before the novella’s end.
Asking students to infer upcoming events in whatever piece of literature they are reading will help them hone their logical skills. They will need to pay close attention to detail and use both inductive and deductive reasoning.
Let me define those real quick (from Naked Science:)
“Deductive reasoning arrives at a specific conclusion based on generalizations. Inductive reasoning takes events and makes generalizations…Many people distinguish between two basic kinds of argument: inductive and deductive. Induction is usually described as moving from the specific to the general, while deduction begins with the general and ends with the specific; arguments based on experience or observation are best expressed inductively, while arguments based on laws, rules, or other widely accepted principles are best expressed deductively”.
Sherlock Holmes (thanks to Mrs. Livermore for the idea) could be a great way not only to teach students what these two forms of reasoning mean, but how to use them. Mysteries in general would provide this opportunity, as well as allowing for an examination of the literary conventions regarding that genre. And I’m willing to bet some students might enjoy reading such works, at least more than Shakespeare!
3. Musical Rhythmic Intelligence: the capacity to think in music; to be able to hear patterns, recognize them, and perhaps manipulate them. People who have strong musical intelligence don’t just remember music easily, they can’t get it out of their minds, it’s so omnipresent.
Again, I have to give the nod to poetry here. Poetry is like music just waiting for the sound. But it goes both ways, songs are poems put to music. I think you’d be hard pressed to find many high school students who don’t have musical preferences, and examining their favorite (classroom appropriate) songs as literature allows the teacher to make English relevant to his or her students while giving students freedom to express themselves through the music they love. I remember such an assignment from my own high school days. We all brought in a song and the lyrics written on poster board, then we explained them to the class after listening to the song. Afterward, the class discussed what meaning they’d gotten from the lyrics. It was one of the few projects I actually got excited about doing, and it seemed like almost everyone in the class felt the same way.
It seems like in most English classes there’s some sort of culminating project. Mostly, it ends up being a research or literary analysis paper. I would prefer to cover those items earlier in the semester so that we could close with a creative culminating project that would give students some choice about what they’d like to do by providing prompts that address the various intelligences. For example, students could write and perform a song for their culminating project, or write a poem using proper meter.
4. Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence: the capacity to use your whole body or parts of your body (your hands, your fingers, your arms) to solve a problem, make something, or put on some kind of production. The most evident examples are people in athletics or the performing arts, particularly dancing or acting.
Or maybe, for the culminating project, they could do an interpretive dance, perform a Shakespeare monologue, or choreograph the sword-fighting scene of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Kinesthetic Intelligence is another one of those intelligences that seems like it might be difficult to implement in the ELA classroom. But it’s not as hard as it sounds, you can utilize this intelligence in small ways often, like by having students getting out of their seats to write on the board, or by holding fishbowl discussions where several students are in the center of the “fishbowl” and other students must get up and tap them out of the center to have their say.
More about fishbowl discussions
Expecting high school students to sit still and be attentive for 90 minutes straight is just asking too much. Therefore, whether they consider themselves kinesthetic learners are not, we should still try to find ways to get them up and moving in all classes, even if it’s just to keep them attentive.
5. Spatial Intelligence: the ability to represent the spatial world internally in your mind — the way a sailor or airplane pilot navigates the large spatial world, or the way a chess player or sculptor represents a more circumscribed spatial world. Spatial intelligence can be used in the arts or in the sciences.
I’m just dying to use this one. So many of the stories we read in English classes have to do with a journey that could be fun, engaging, and productive for students to map out. They could draw Usher’s house from Poe’s “The Fall of the House of Usher” based on his description. They make a scale model of Grendel, or illustrate one of Chaucer’s tales. Students could make an informative poster as part of a research project, or an album cover for the music they wrote for the final project. Two students could collaborate on a story, one as writer and one as illustrator. Students could photograph places that catch their interest and try to reproduce the setting with words alone. There are so many ways to integrate language and art that it seems like it can be done almost effortlessly.
However, I don’t think I’d ever force them to make a scale model of, say the Globe. Unless somebody really pushed my buttons. That’s right, class, you know you’re in trouble if I make you do scale models of The Globe. I think it’s important for artistic projects to relate directly to the text and therefore aid in comprehension (seeing those models of Shakespeare’s theater probably never helped anyone understand Mercutio’s Queen Mab speech any better,) or at least should be an artistic project that relates to English, but that the student has chosen for him or herself. Purely my own opinion, and no offense intended to anybody who really enjoys making scale models of old theaters.
6. Naturalist Intelligence: the ability to discriminate among living things (plants, animals) and sensitivity to other features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations). This ability was clearly of value in our evolutionary past as hunters, gatherers, and farmers; it continues to be central in such roles as botanist or chef.
Well, I think this is where I call it a night. This is another one of those intelligences that seems difficult to utilize on the surface, but probably most English teachers do it without even knowing. Students strong in naturalist intelligence are categorizers, classifiers, and list-makers. Such students might find it helpful to chart out character traits to determine whether a character changes during the course of a piece of literature or remains the same. Such students might also do well with required assignments like comparison and contrast essays, or learning the elements of fiction than applying that to their reading.
7. Intrapersonal Intelligence: having an understanding of yourself; knowing who you are, what you can do, what you want to do, how you react to things, which things to avoid, and which things to gravitate toward. We are drawn to people who have a good understanding of themselves. They tend to know what they can and can’t do, and to know where to go if they need help.
I think that we should always be teaching to both the intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences, because they are both so important outside of the classroom. Doing this almost goes without saying, intrapersonal is giving students the ability to be independently successful in class, while interpersonal teaches collaboration and teamwork. By giving both independent and group assignments, students have to learn to function in both areas.
8. Interpersonal Intelligence: the ability to understand other people. It’s an ability we all need, but is especially important for teachers, clinicians, salespersons, or politicians — anybody who deals with other people.
See above. Short version: group work/collaboration.
9. Existential Intelligence: the ability and proclivity to pose (and ponder) questions about life, death, and ultimate realities.
Ah, the big picture. Isn’t exploring the unknown what English is really all about? Fiction is really a documentation of some larger truth, while nonfiction is a record of “ultimate realities.” But the big questions are the risky questions, the ones that lead to the sticky subjects that we like to avoid (perhaps I’ll get into that more in another post). The important thing to remember is that we aren’t there to answer these questions for students. We’re there to teach them how to find the answers for themselves. As long as we’re willing to forget our own opinions about the big questions at least temporarily, then we can approach them freely as an open discussion rather than dictating what students ought to believe.
The main point here is that there are ways to utilize all these intelligences that can be both fun and engaging for students and teachers alike. Mind you, I never said that my ideas were the fun and engaging way to go about that. They are only thoughts and ideas. As somebody preparing to step into the field in a week, I’d love to hear your ideas on the subject. Two weeks from now, I’m sure I’ll be absolutely desperate for them. Please feel free to share.
And Now! The big question for the week: Gardener’s theory of multiple intelligences is pretty well accepted by the academic community, yet remains unproven scientifically. As teachers, we are encouraged to ground our methodology in data-based research. Where does that leave us with Mr. Gardener? How much time or effort should we devote to touching on all the various intelligences as frequently as possible? Was it something teachers were already doing anyway? Is it just another tool in the already overstuffed educational toolbox? Do you utilize the multiple intelligences in your own classroom? How, why, or why not?